The 12 Hallmarks of Aging
In 2023, Carlos Lopez-Otin and colleagues published the definitive update to the Hallmarks of Aging framework in Cell. The revision expanded the original 9 hallmarks to 12, providing a comprehensive map of why organisms age.
Hallmarks & Midas Compounds
| Hallmark | Midas Compound(s) |
|---|---|
| Genomic instability | NAD+ (DNA repair via PARPs) |
| Telomere attrition | Epitalon (telomerase activation) |
| Epigenetic alterations | GHK-Cu (4000+ gene remodeling) |
| Loss of proteostasis | Humanin (cytoprotection) |
| Disabled macroautophagy | NAD+ (sirtuin-mediated autophagy) |
| Deregulated nutrient sensing | CJC-1295 + Ipamorelin (GH axis) |
| Mitochondrial dysfunction | SS-31 (cristae stabilization), NAD+ (ETC) |
| Cellular senescence | FOXO4-DRI (senolytic clearance) |
| Stem cell exhaustion | GHK-Cu (stem cell mobilization) |
| Altered cell communication | Thymosin Alpha-1 (immune signaling) |
| Chronic inflammation | BPC-157 + TB-500 (anti-inflammatory) |
| Dysbiosis | BPC-157 (gut barrier), L-Glutathione (detox) |
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